CNN
–

New research shows that humans who currently live by lakes near German lakes systematically treat animal corpses for fatty nutrients.

Archaeologists have discovered the factory by analyzing around 120,000 fractures and 16,000 flint tools over several years at a site known as Neumark-Nord, south of Halle city. The excavator found artifacts along with evidence of fire use.

Researchers say the Neanderthals, an extinct species of human beings known to have lived in the area 125,000 years ago, destroyed bone marrow-rich bones into pieces with a stone hammer and boiled for several hours to extract the fat.

This finding helps to draw pictures of the group’s organization, strategies, and deep-polished survival skills, as the feat included planning a hunt, transporting and storing corpses beyond immediate food needs, and rendering fat in areas specially designated for tasks.

“This attitude that Neanderthals were stupid — this is another data point that proves that it’s not,” said Will Roebroke, a researcher and professor of paleolithic archaeology at Leiden University in the Netherlands.

A series of archaeological discoveries over the past few decades show that Neanderthals are smarter than the original cruel stereotypes suggest. Ancient humans lived all over Eurasia and disappeared 40,000 years ago, and previous research found that they assembled gems from threads and glue, carved bones and cave walls, and Eagle Tarons.

Details of the new study suggest that Neanderthals may have also been unexpectedly refined in their approach to nutrition.

Research shows that for 300 years Neanderthals who lived on German sites had a clear understanding of the nutritional value of bone grease they produced.

Small amounts of fat are an important part of a healthy, balanced diet. This substance was even more important to hunter-gatherers, such as Neanderthals, who were heavily dependent on animal foods.

A diet dominated by lean meat and lacking fatty acids can lead to debilitating, sometimes fatal forms of malnutrition, impairing the ability of liver enzymes to break down proteins and remove excess nitrogen. Today, known as protein addiction, this condition has gained a reputation among early European explorers in North America as “rabbit addiction” or “maldecaribou.”

Hunter-gatherers, such as Neanderthals, who weigh average between 50 and 80 kilograms (110 and 175 pounds), had to maintain consumption of dietary protein less than 300 grams (about 10 ounces) per day to avoid conditions. Research shows that it amounts to around 1,200 calories. As a result, Neanderthals may need to source remaining calories from non-protein sources, either fat or carbohydrate.

The cuts of meat from the animal’s muscles contain little fat and create bones – even when the animal is malnourished, it contains bone marrow and other adipose tissue – a more important resource.

Researchers found that the vast majority of places here came from 172 individual large animals, including horses, deer, Auroloc and large cow-like creatures that are now extinct. Neanderthals had chosen the longest bone that would have most bone marrow included, the study found.

According to the study authors, it is not clear how Neanderthals dealt with bones. Ancient humans make containers and pots from other body parts, such as birch bark, animal skin, or stomach lining, fill them with water and hang on fire, Lowbroke said.

Neanderthals could have consumed the fat they produced as “greasy soups.” The plant may have been added for its flavor and nutritional value. Burnt sites of hazelnuts, acorns and slaw plums were also found during excavations, he noted.

“These were not simple hunter-gatherers that we walk through every day. They were master planners who could look ahead of the environment, organize complex tasks and narrow down all the last calories,” Smith said.

The findings are “exciting” according to Ludovic Slimac, an archaeologist at the French National Centre for Science and Research (CNRS) and the University of Paul Sabatier in Toulouse, France. Slimak was not involved in this study.

“They ultimately provide a clear archaeological confirmation of what many of us have long suspected. Neanderthals not only evaluated intrasoneal lipids, they also developed specific strategies to extract and process them.”

“This is in close agreement with the broader archaeological record, which shows Neanderthals as highly skilled big-name hunters with a sophisticated sense of ecological adaptation,” he added.

Bruce Hardy, a professor of anthropology at Kenyon University in Gambier, Ohio, J. Kenneth Smale, said the Neumark Nord site is “the best example of bone glaze rendering.” Hardy was also not involved in the research.

“The combination of evidence presented here at Neumark-Nord is impressive,” Hardy says. “It may well represent a smoldering gun in Neanderthal bone glaze rendering, or a boiled bone soup.”

Experts from the US Food and Drug Administration’s official official agency of best vaccines suggest that they oppose the widespread use of the two COVID-19 vaccines, a newly released document shows.

Dr Vinai Prasad, director of the agency’s Center for Biological Assessment and Research, said in two notes he opposed the reviewer’s conclusions on the safety of the vaccine and the ongoing threat of the virus that causes COVID-19, especially for young and healthy people.

Prasad’s decision is in line with the broader Trump administration efforts under the leadership of US Health and Human Services Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. to limit the availability of coronavirus vaccinations. Kennedy said in May that shots would no longer be recommended for healthy children and pregnant people. The FDA said it would approve the new Covid-19 vaccine before that month, but would only approve elderly and high-risk groups.

In a memo that week, Prasad rejected recommendations from around 30 FDA scientists for people over the age of 12. He cited limited data and “lower risk” of severe COVID-19 infections and safety concerns.

He cited similar safety concerns in a May 30 document entitled “Override Memo” on the widespread use of Modern’s latest version of mRNA vaccine Mnexspike. The company had applied for approval for the updated version for people over the age of 12.

Prasad writes that despite the overall data submitted by Moderna, he was unable to conclude that the manufacturer had improved the safety of the shots or raised concerns about the risk of myocarditis or heart inflammation in teens and young people.

Earlier that week, the FDA had advised Moderna and another manufacturer of mRNA Covid-19 vaccine Pfizer to update the label to include warnings about this rare condition.

“Novavax is focused on making Covid-19 vaccinations available to those who choose to receive vaccinations at the highest risk,” the company said in a statement Wednesday. “We believe it is important for consumers to choose a vaccine.

Moderna declined to comment on the story.

“The idea that Dr. Prasad ‘dismissed’ FDA scientists is a distortion of fact,” HHS spokesman Andrew Nixon said in a statement to CNN on Wednesday. “He evaluated the whole evidence and made judgments rooted in gold standard science. It’s not political. It’s what principled leadership looks like.”

Dr. Daniel Griffin, an infectious disease expert at Columbia University, said the memo reflects a broader talk point among health officials.

“They seem to be obsessed with myocarditis and they made the decision simply because they have a fixed ideology that they continue to look for confirmation bias,” he said. “And I think the data there is really clear. Early on, I saw 20 to 65 (cases) per million doses when I was giving the first (vaccine) 3-4 weeks apart. In fact, we didn’t really see much in reality. It’s 10 times more expensive than if you were protected by a vaccine.

The memo also marks a break from typical agency responsibilities, Griffin said.

“The role of the FDA is to make decisions whether or not to obtain a license. However, as long as we limit access, we are to provide guidance on who should be vaccinated. The FDA is supposed to have the power to limit access to safe and effective products.”

“In the past, override memos for the centre director have been rare and only made after very careful consideration, usually after consultation with other centre directors,” Dr. Peter Marks, director of Cber before Prasad, told a text message Wednesday.

Dr. Peter Lurie, former FDA Associate Commissioner, now president and executive director of the Center for Public Interest Science, said overrides like Prasad tend to be false in the aspect of being less restrictive and tend to make the product available when reviewers become more cautious. He has never seen reviewers limit the use of products they deemed safe and effective.

“It’s very difficult to escape the conclusion that these Covid vaccines’ resentment plays a key role in this very rare override,” he said. “Yes, I think there is still concern that they were making policy decisions that should have been reserved for the CDC.”

Prasad’s memo was first reported by the New York Times.

Prasad took on the role as CBER director on May 8 after saying Marks was kicked out of his role due to Kennedy’s vaccine strategy. More recently, FDA commissioner Dr. Marty McCurry has also promoted Prasad to become the agency’s Chief Medical and Scientific Officer.

Prasad is a hematologist oncologist and an outspoken critic of his claims to be thinking of a medical group. Former University of California In clinical trials, the San Francisco professor also questioned the dependence of developers on drug approval processes and secondary outcomes or surrogate endpoints, as well as the dependence of drug approval processes and developers.

Prasad called “former FDA commissioners, both democratic and Republican administrations, who do not need sufficient randomized clinical trial data for approval decisions, “under both Democrat and Republican administrations.”

The biotech stock fell a few hours after it was announced as CBER director. Some industry analysts called Prasad the “anti-establishment” pick and led the division overseeing vaccines and biological products.

He appears to nod his concerns with McCurry at City Hall on May 20, suggesting a flexible approach to speeding up drug approval.

“We must always accept surrogate endpoints for people with illnesses, extremely rare conditions and few treatment options,” he told FDA staff at the Maryland campus. “We have an obligation to promote the FDA to patients who desperately want those products, and we also have an obligation to check our backend and make sure we are actually achieving what we thought.”

Prasad also showed an approach to the Covid-19 vaccine at its city hall.

“The risk of severe illness and hospitalization is declining among Americans. The effectiveness of repeat doses… The effectiveness of these vaccines further reduce severe illness and symptomatic illness is uncertain, and there are important safety considerations that have not been fully known for their long-term effects,” he said. “We will continue to monitor them closely.”

An international team of researchers may have just cracked the code for something that would make someone “cool”.

And wherever you live, a study published this week in the Journal of Experimental Psychology shows that personality traits that make someone “cool” appear to be consistent across the country.

Researchers found that people considered “cool” are perceived as more extroverted, hedonistic, powerful, adventurous, open and autonomous compared to those considered “good” or “preferred.”

“The most surprising thing was seeing the same attributes appear in all countries,” said Todd Petzutti, an associate professor of marketing at Adolfo Ibañez University in Chile, who was the co-led researcher for the study.

“Whether it’s China or South Korea or Chile or the US, people like people who are pushing boundaries and causing change,” he said. “So you’d say that coolness really really represents something more basic than the label of coolness.”

Researchers – Adolfoy Banes University, University of Arizona and University of Georgia conducted experiments from 2018 to 2022, with approximately 6,000 people in 12 countries in Australia, Chile, China, Germany, India, Mexico, Nigeria, Spain, Spain, South Africa, South Africa, Turkey and the United States.

Participants were asked to think of people in their own lives that they felt “cool”, “cool”, “good”, or “not good.” They were then asked to use two scales to assess the person’s personality. A survey of portrait values ​​aimed at measuring the Big Five Personality Scale, widely used scientific models that help explain personality traits, and portrait values ​​aimed at measuring the fundamental value of an individual.

Participants in this study consistently relate to being calm, conscientious, universal, comfortable, warm, safe, traditional and good person. Ability was considered both “cool” and “good”, but not so clearly. However, the formula for being “cool” had six character traits, which were more extroverted, pleasing, adventurous, adventurous, open and autonomous, regardless of a person’s age, gender, or level of education.

Pezzuti doesn’t think these “cool” traits are something that can be taught.

“We were born with those attributes,” he said. “Five of these attributes are personality traits, and personality traits tend to be fairly stable.”

The study showed that cool people and good people aren’t the same, but there may be some overlapping traits, said Caleb Warren, an associate professor of marketing at the University of Arizona.

“In order to be considered cool, someone usually needs to be somewhat likeable or stunning. “But cool people often have other traits that they don’t necessarily think are ‘good’ in a moral sense, such as hedonistic and powerful. ”

A limitation of the study was that only those who understood the meaning of “cool” were included in the study. Pezzuti said it would be interesting – but difficult to determine whether the findings are similar among more traditional cultures or between remote groups of people who may not be very familiar with the term.

“We don’t know what we’ll find in ultra-traditional cultures like hunting and collecting tribes and nutritional farming groups,” Pettsuti said.

“One of the things we propose is that in these cultures, innovation and cultural innovation are not so important in those cultures, so “cool” people don’t have a key role in their role,” he said. “So you’re going to say that cool people probably exist in those cultures, but their role isn’t that big and probably isn’t as praised as other cultures.”

When asked to think about public figures and celebrities who embody “cool” based on his research, Pettuti immediately said Elon Musk, CEO of Tesla and SpaceX.

“He’s a controversial person, but the person that comes to mind is Elon Musk,” Pettuti said, adding that he checks all boxes of six attributes identified in the study.

Musk is “unmistressly powerful” and autonomous, and appears to be extroverted due to his presence on social media platforms and media, he said.

“I’ve heard he’s TI-disease and probably more TI-disease than he can see, but he looks very extroverted to outsiders. He’s funny. He’s on the podcast and is always in front of the camera,” explained Pettuti.

Some of Musk’s actions also appear hedonistic, he said. “He smoked marijuana on the world’s most popular podcast, “The Joe Rogan’s Experience.” ”

And Pettty added that Mask’s idea of ​​colonizing Mars shows that he is open and adventurous.

Jona Burger, an associate professor of marketing at the Wharton School of Business at the University of Pennsylvania, said the new paper is one of the few empirical studies examining exactly what makes people “cool.”

“I’ve been wondering for a long time about what makes people cool (in theory), but there’s not much actual empirical research on this topic, so it’s great to see the work of exploring this space.”

“Coolness may seem like something you were born with, but there are certainly steps people can take to try and move them in that direction,” he said. “It certainly seems worth studying given how many people want to be cool and how much money is spent with that goal in mind.”

John Freeman, an associate professor of psychology at Columbia University, said future research in this field could assess coolness in parallel with goodness and badness rather than isolated from it.

“In real life, coolness can be positive quality, but it can have negative implications in certain social contexts as well. It may be worthwhile to look at the difference between good and bad coolness in future work. This research approach provides a great foundation that was not involved in new research either.

“From a scientific perspective, cool seems far more like a product of reasoning and social construction than genetics, but the low level of temperament informed by genetics can nourish continuous personality structure,” he said.

“The “cool” is deeply ingrained in our social vocabulary as it acts as a stenography of complex reasoning. It encapsulates status, affiliation and identity signals in an instant, deeply stereotypical way.

Dana Santas,Mobility Makeris a certified strength and conditioning expert in professional sports, mental and physical coach, and is the author of the book “Practical Solutions for Relieving Back Pain.”

If you are dealing with persistent tension, poor posture, or persistent pain, it is worth checking your breathing. The way you breathe not only reflects the quality of your movement, but also retains the power to change it for the better.

Most people understand the role of breathing as a life support function with stress-relieving properties. (Think – deep inhalation, deep breath.) But the way you breathe can reveal how efficiently and effectively you move. And improving breathing will help your body escape from cycles of tension, imbalance and poor strain.

Shallow and rapid breathing can not only affect oxygen exchange, but also disrupt the basics of how the body works. So much of my job in professional sports focuses on teaching the basics of breathing in biomechanics. We first saw that insufficient breathing patterns directly lead to limited mobility, postural issues, chronic pain and increased risk of injury.

In today’s high stress, screen-focused world, these same dysfunctional breathing patterns are common across all walks.

However, by better aware of your patterns and practicing the appropriate techniques for a few minutes each day, you can deal with false breaths. Here’s how to unlock a Super Power:

How stress and screen time can change breath

Breathing is one of the most basic patterns of movement in the body, and occurs on average over 23,000 times a day. The contraction of the diaphragm plays an important role. However, under stress, your body will naturally transition into sympathetic or combat modes of the nervous system, driving faster, shallower breaths from the top of the chest. Over time, this becomes the default breathing pattern, especially in chronic stress. Your breathing is more vertical on the chest and neck, rather than expanding the lungs and thoracic cage horizontally.

This upper pattern bypasses the diaphragm, forces the neck and shoulder muscles, and takes over the task of pulling each breath. If the diaphragm is not functioning properly, true core engagement requires this large muscle to work in harmony with the deep abdominal and pelvic floor muscles, which cannot serve as a secondary role as a postural stabilizer.

The diaphragm adheres to both the thorax and the spine, resulting in poor engagement and instability of the core, causing shifting thoracic position. When the ribs step out of alignment, the spine and head continue, and the scapula glide over the ribs, affecting the position and function of the shoulders as well.

As the neck is extended, the rib cage is lifted and the flare is extended, anterior head posture occurs. Additionally, rib mobility decreases and limits intermediate rotation and expansion, which are essential for healthy exercise patterns. Overall, motility is reduced and the risk of injury increases as you respond to increased core instability by creating protective tension and muscle compensation.

This creates a vicious cycle. Your breath affects your posture, your posture affects your breath, both affecting the way you feel and move.

People often try to deal with these problems with just stretching and strength tasks, but they remain stuck in a dysfunctional pattern without changing the respiratory mechanics.

One of the easiest ways to assess breathing is to lie down on your back with your knees bent and your feet on the floor. Place the underlying rib on either side of the area where the rib is divided under the sternum.

Take a deep breath and spend some time, realizing where the movement is occurring. If the neck, upper chest, or shoulders are tight or moving, or if the ribs are barely moving, they are signs of breathing shallow and not using the diaphragm effectively.

Rather than focusing on the so-called “abdominal breathing,” it focuses on the mobility and diaphragmatic function of the rib, rather than the term often used to promote relaxation but often biomechanically misleading. The slight distension of the abdomen is the result of an increase in intraabdominal pressure and is not exposed to air. Too much emphasis on abdominal movement can inhibit proper thoracic expansion and diaphragmatic mechanics over time.

Try taking a few more breaths and directing your breath into the lung space below the rib bone. With each inhalation, it feels like the rib bone expands laterally under the hand. With each exhale, the rib moves downwards and the lower rib moves, promoting natural core engagement to support movement.

If you have identified a potential problem with your breathing pattern, the next step is to learn to retrain it. While many people focus on deep inhalation to improve breathing, the real key to breaking the pattern of dysfunction is how you exhale. Exhausting plays a crucial role in regulating the nervous system, restoring diaphragmatic function, and improving stress resistance.

Exhale completely slowly and stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system. This is a branch that calms the body and promotes recovery. Also, a long, full breath helps reset the diaphragm position, allowing it to contract more effectively on the next breath.

Oxygen tends to attract most attention, but this process is closely linked to carbon dioxide resistance. Co₂ causes the urge to breathe. However, chronically breeding your body takes up more oxygen than it can use will reduce CO2 levels faster. This can make chemoreceptors, specialized sensors in the brain stems, and arteries that monitor joint levels in the blood become overly sensitive, and even with proper oxygen levels, can cause feelings of shortness of breath.

By exhaling slowly and long, training yourself to slightly increase your carbon dioxide levels can improve breathing efficiency and increase stress resilience.

Sit comfortably with your hands on the rib below to monitor and guide movement.

Inhale your nose for four counts.

For the count of eight people, exhale slowly through your nose or mouth (whatever is best for you).

A quick pause about two people’s counts when they finish exhale.

Repeat this pattern with 10-12 breaths to relax your face, chin, neck and shoulders.

As you practice this every day and build tolerance, it gradually increases to a 5:10 or 6:12 ratio. This breathing work helps restore diaphragmatic function and rib mobility to readjust the nervous system and apply pressure to keep it gentle.

The recognition and proficiency developed through regular breathing work practices become even stronger when applied to physical activity. Integrating improved respiratory mechanics into daily life will make movements feel more fluid, connected and efficient.

Here’s how to apply better breathing during training:

• Warm up with conscious breathing To create posture alignment, activate the core and increase focus.

• Exhale into exercise: In strength training, exhale in the effort stage to engage with the core and stabilize the spine.

• Breathing leads to mobility: During a rotating or flexible drill, use the inhaler to create space, exhale and deepen movement.

• Breathe in your nose During light to moderate aerobic exercise to improve oxygen utilization and maintain breathing patterns.

• Tension breath to recover: After workout, practice a 2:1 inhalation ratio to downregulate the nervous system.

Remember, your breathing is not just a background function. By restoring proper breathing, it supports better posture, deeper core strength, smoother movement and a more resilient nervous system.

So, the next time you feel your neck feels tight or your shoulder hurts, don’t try to stretch it out immediately. Check your breath first. It may be telling you exactly what you need to know.

Sign up CNN’s Fitness, But Better Newsletter Series. Our seven-part guide will help you facilitate a healthy routine that is supported by experts.